Frequência e fatores associados ao atraso para o tratamento do câncer de mama no Brasil, segundo dados do PAINEL-Oncologia, 2019-2020 / Frecuencia y factores asociados al retraso en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama en Brasil, según datos del Panel de Oncología, 2019-2020 / Frequency and factors associated with delay in breast cancer treatment in Brazil, according to data from the Oncology Panel, 2019-2020

Objective: to analyze treatment delay and the flow of care for women with breast cancer in Brazil in 2019 and 2020. Method: this was a follow-up study of breast cancer cases available from the Oncology Panel; a chi-square test and multilevel logistic regression were performed in order to analyze the explanatory variables associated with delay (greater than 60 days) in starting treatment. Results: 22,956 cases (54.5%) with delay in treatment were identified in 2019 and 17,722 (48.7%) in 2020; the Southeast region (54.6%) had the greatest proportion of delay; delay was greater when treatment was provided outside the municipality of residence and lower in 2020 compared to 2019; most outward flows were to the capital cities in the same Federative Units of residence. Conclusion: strategies to reduce cancer treatment delay and optimize health care networks in the Federative Units should be prioritized.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la demora en el tratamiento y el flujo asistencial de mujeres con cáncer de mama en Brasil en 2019 y 2020. Método: estudio de seguimiento de los casos de cáncer de mama disponibles en el Panel de Oncología. Para analizar las variables explicativas asociadas al retraso (mayor de 60 días) en el inicio del tratamiento se realizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado y la regresión logística multinivel. Resultados: se identificaron 22.956 casos (54,5%) en 2019 y 17.722 (48,7%) en 2020 con retraso en el tratamiento. La región Sudeste (54,6%) tuvo mayor proporción de atraso, siendo mayor cuando se realizó fuera del municipio de residencia y menor en 2020 en relación a 2019. Los flujos externos, en su mayoría, ocurrieron en las capitales de las mismas Unidades de la Federación (UFs) de residencia. Conclusión: se deben priorizar estrategias que reduzcan el intervalo de tiempo hasta el inicio del tratamiento del cáncer y optimicen las redes de atención de salud en los estados.

Objetivo: analisar o atraso para o tratamento e o fluxo assistencial de mulheres com câncer de mama no Brasil em 2019 e 2020. Métodos: estudo de seguimento de casos de câncer de mama disponibilizados no PAINEL-Oncologia; para analisar as variáveis explicativas associadas ao atraso (maior que 60 dias) no início do tratamento, realizou-se teste qui-quadrado e regressão logística multinível. Resultados: identificaram-se 22.956 casos (54,5%) em 2019 e 17.722 (48,7%) em 2020, com atraso para o tratamento; a região Sudeste (54,6%) teve maior proporção de atraso, que foi maior quando o tratamento foi realizado fora do município de residência, e menor em 2020, comparando-se a 2019; os fluxos externos, em sua maioria, ocorreram para as capitais das mesmas Unidades da Federação (UFs) de residência. Conclusão: estratégias que diminuam o intervalo de tempo até o início do tratamento oncológico e otimizem as redes de atenção em saúde nas UFs devem ser priorizadas.

Análise dos efeitos da implantação de um serviço de rastreamento e diagnóstico de câncer de mama no Sertão Nordestino / Analysis of the effects of implementing a tracking and diagnosis service of breast cancer in the northeastern wilderness

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais incidente entre mulheres, representando 24,5% entre todos os tipos de câncer nesta população. Além disto, representa a maior causa de morte neste grupo, respondendo por 15,5% dos óbitos entres todos os tipos de cânceres femininos. A faixa etária a partir de 50 anos é mais acometida, sendo relativamente raro antes dos 35 anos. As estratégias de detecção precoce são a base da Política Nacional de Atenção ao Câncer de Mama através do rastreamento e o diagnóstico precoce. Entretanto, parte significativa das mulheres brasileiras recebem o diagnóstico em estágios mais avançados da doença, principalmente nas regiões menos desenvolvidas do país. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados e o impacto do programa de rastreamento e diagnóstico de câncer de mama, na Região de Saúde Juazeiro, Bahia (RSJ/BA), no período de 1998 a 2017. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de serie temporal, avaliando as taxas de mortalidade por câncer de mama antes e após a implantação do serviço de diagnóstico do câncer na cidade de Juazeiro-BA, referência em diagnóstico de câncer na MSJ/BA, composta por dez cidades. As informações foram coletadas do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, estabelecidas tendências temporais através do softwere JoinPoint e verificadas correlações entre distância e o IDH dos municípios através do teste de correlação de Pearson. Foram descritas características e perfil tumoral de todas as mulheres diagnosticadas no período de 2014 a 2018 através do softwere stata 11. RESULTADOS: As taxas de mortalidade aumentaram após implantação do serviço de diagnóstico, com tendência de crescimento da mortalidade, porém, com maior intensidade após a implantação do serviço. Houve correlação negativa entre as taxas de mortalidade e a distância das cidades e positiva com o IDH dos municípios. A maioria dos casos diagnosticados no serviço de referência (27%) ocorreu em 2018, na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos (58%), CONCLUSÕES: A tendência de aumento da taxa mortalidade na RSJ/BA coincide com a implantação do serviço de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce na cidade de Juazeiro ­ BA. Em todas as cidades atendidas pelo serviço, houve aumento das taxas de mortalidade, onde o acesso ao exame de MMG foi facilitado pela implantação do atendimento da unidade móvel de rastreamento e diagnóstico, principalmente nos municípios mais distantes, localizadas a mais de 200 km do centro de diagnóstico. As mulheres residentes em locais mais distantes dos serviços têm mais dificuldades para acessar o diagnóstico precoce e apresentam tumores maiores ao diagnóstico. Aprofundar o conhecimento e a compreensão das condições do acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento é importante para melhorar as chances de prevenção e sobrevida das mulheres sertanejas.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm among women, representing 24.5% of all types of cancer in this population. In addition, it represents the major cause of death in this group, accounting for 15.5% of deaths among all types of female cancers. The age group from 50 years is more affected, being relatively rare before the age of 35 years. Early detection strategies are the basis of the National Breast Cancer Care Policy through screening and early diagnosis. However, a significant part of Brazilian women are diagnosed at more advanced stages of the disease, especially in less developed regions of the country. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and impact of the breast cancer screening and diagnosis program in the Juazeiro Health Region, Bahia (RSJ/BA), from 1998 to 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a retrospective serial study was carried out temporal, evaluating breast cancer mortality rates before and after the implementation of the cancer diagnosis service in the city of Juazeiro-BA, reference in cancer diagnosis in MSJ/BA, composed of ten cities. The information was collected from the Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, temporal trends were established using the JoinPoint software and correlations between distance and the HDI of the municipalities were verified using Pearson's correlation test. Characteristics and tumor profile of all women diagnosed in the period from 2014 to 2018 were described using the software stata 11. RESULTS: Mortality rates increased after the implementation of the diagnostic service, with a tendency for mortality to increase, but with greater intensity after the implementation of the service. There was a negative correlation between mortality rates and distance from cities and a positive correlation with the HDI of municipalities. Most cases diagnosed in the referral service (27%) occurred in 2018, in the age group from 50 to 69 years (58%). CONCLUSIONS: The trend towards an increase in the mortality rate in RSJ/BA coincides with the implementation of a screening and early diagnosis service in the city of Juazeiro - BA. In all cities served by the service, there was an increase in mortality rates, where access to the MMG test was facilitated by the implementation of the mobile tracking and diagnosis unit, especially in the most distant municipalities, located more than 200 km from the center. of diagnosis. Women residing in locations further away from services have more difficulties in accessing early diagnosis and present larger tumors at diagnosis. Deepening the knowledge and understanding of the conditions of access to diagnosis and treatment is important to improve the chances of prevention and survival of sertaneja women.

Características y manejo del cáncer de mama precoz en mujeres añosas asistidas en la Unidad Docente Asistencial de Mastología del Hospital de Clínicas en el período 2011-2018 / Characteristics and management of early breast cancer in elderly women assisted in the Mastology Care Teaching Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas in the period 2011-2018 / Características e manejo do câncer de mama precoce em idosas atendidas na Unidade de Ensino de Mastologia do Hospital de Clínicas no período de 2011-2018

Introducción: Existen pocas pautas para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama (CM) en pacientes añosas, lo que puede conducir al sub o sobre tratamiento. Objetivo: Conocer las características, manejo y la evolución del CM precoz en mujeres añosas. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se recolectaron datos relacionados con las características clínico-patológicas y la evolución de pacientes de 70 años o más tratadas por CM en el período comprendido entre el 1/1/ 2011 y el 31/12/ 2018, asistidas en el Hospital de Clínicas. Se utilizaron herramientas de estadística descriptiva y para calcular la sobrevida global (SVG) se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: se incluyeron 31 pacientes; la edad mediana al diagnóstico fue 76,8 años; las características clínico-patológicas fueron: carcinoma ductal: 71%; GH 1-2: 74,2%; estadio I: 54,8 %; sin metástasis axilares: 80,6 %; HER2-RE/RP+ 80,6%; HER2+ 16,7%, y triple negativas 3,2%. El 29% de las pacientes fueron diagnosticadas mediante tamizaje poblacional y el 74,2% recibieron tratamiento según pautas vigentes, mientras que el 38,7% fueron subtratadas y el 16,1% sobretratadas. La mediana de SVG fue de 98,7 meses. Conclusiones: Una minoría de las pacientes fue diagnosticada mediante tamizaje poblacional, el tipo histológico más frecuente fue el ductal y la prevalencia de los tumores HER2-RE/RP+ fue mayor que en las pacientes más jóvenes. La mayoría de las pacientes recibió tratamiento estandar.

Introduction: There are few guidelines for the treatment of breast cancer (BC) in older patients, which can lead to under- or over-treatment. Objective: To understand the characteristics, management and evolution of early BC in older women. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data were collected on the clinical-pathological characteristics and evolution of patients aged 70 years or older, treated for BC in the period from 1/1/ 2011 to 31/12/ 2018, at the Hospital de Clínicas. Descriptive statistical tools were used and the Kaplan-Meier method was applied to calculate the overall survival (OS) rate. Results: 31 patients were included; median age at diagnosis was 76.8 years old; the clinical-pathological characteristics were: ductal carcinoma: 71%; HG 1-2: 74.2%; stage I: 54.8%; no axillary metastases: 80.6%; HER2-ER/PR+ 80.6%; HER2+ 16.7%, and triple negative 3.2%. Of all the patients, 29% were diagnosed through screening and 74.2% were treated according to current guidelines, while 38.7% were under-treated and 16.1% over-treated. The median OS was 98.7 months. Conclusions: A minority of patients were diagnosed by screening, the most frequent histological type was ductal and the prevalence of HER2-RE/RP+ tumors was higher than in younger patients. Most patients received standard treatment.

Introdução: Existem poucas diretrizes para o tratamento do câncer de mama (CM) em pacientes idosos, o que pode levar ao sub ou excesso de tratamento. Objetivo: Conhecer as características, manejo e evolução do MC precoce em mulheres idosas. Material e métodos: estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal. Foram coletados dados relacionados às características clínico-patológicas e à evolução dos pacientes com 70 anos ou mais atendidos por CM no período de 01/01/2011 a 31/12/2018, atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas. Ferramentas de estatística descritiva foram usadas e o método de Kaplan-Meier foi usado para calcular a sobrevida global (SVG). Resultados: 31 pacientes foram incluídos; a mediana de idade ao diagnóstico foi de 76,8 anos; as características clínico-patológicas foram: carcinoma ductal: 71%; GH 1-2: 74,2%; estágio I: 54,8%; sem metástases axilares: 80,6%; HER2-RE / RP + 80,6%; HER2 + 16,7% e triplo negativo 3,2%. 29% dos pacientes foram diagnosticados por triagem populacional e 74,2% receberam tratamento de acordo com as diretrizes atuais, enquanto 38,7% foram subtratados e 16,1% supertratados. O SVG médio foi de 98,7 meses. Conclusões: A minoria dos pacientes foi diagnosticada por rastreamento populacional, o tipo histológico mais frequente foi ductal e a prevalência de tumores HER2-RE / RP + foi maior do que em pacientes mais jovens. A maioria dos pacientes recebeu tratamento padrão.

Asociación del nivel socioeconómico y educacional en los egresos por cáncer de mama en Chile durante los años 2001 al 2016 / Association of the socioeconomic and educational level in the breast cancer hospital outbreaks in Chile during the years 2001 to 2016

Introducción: El cáncer de mama constituye la primera causa de muerte en los cánceres en Chile según Globocan 2018. Dentro de los factores que explican esta alta mortalidad encontramos una baja tasa de detección y de realización de mamografías en los niveles socioeconómicos altos. Es por esto que comprender las causas de defunción y los factores que afectan en la mortalidad y letalidad por cáncer de mama en los últimos 17 años nos permitirá enfocar las políticas públicas de los próximos 50 años. Los objetivos generales de este trabajo fueron caracterizar los egresos hospitalarios en los pacientes por cáncer de mama según la edad, el sexo, la previsión, el nivel socioeconómico y educacional en Chile durante los años 2001 al 2016 y calcular la mortalidad y letalidad específica en estas mismas variables durante los años 2001 a 2016. El objetivo específico es asociar las variables socioeconómicas y educacionales, estimando los Odd's ratios de las variables en los egresos hospitalarios por cáncer de mama en Chile durante los años 2001 al 2016. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte longitudinal retrospectivo en 81,072 egresos hospitalarios y 20,220 defunciones obtenidas de la página DEIS MINSAL, años 2001-2016. Para el análisis univariado se efectuó una regresión de ajuste de tasas Prais-weinstein según edad y sexo según modelo OMS de ajuste de tasas. Para las variables de tipo discreta se describieron mediante porcentajes y tasas y para las variables de tipo continua se utilizó mediana y desviación estándar. Se efectuó un test de smirnov-kolmolgorov para determinar el tipo de distribución y de normalidad de las muestras. Para las variables de tipo dicotómica se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para describir estas variables y determinar la posible asociación entre el nivel socioeconómico y educacional de las pacientes diagnosticadas por cáncer de mama. Resultados: Murieron 1,88 veces más personas de nivel socioeconómico alto con un IC entre 1,83- 1,94 con respecto a la población de nivel socioeconómico bajo. En cambio, las personas con un mayor nivel educacional murieron 0,5 veces menos según la regresión realizada respecto al bajo nivel educacional con un IC entre 0,47- 0,52, pero a menor nivel educacional aumentó 20 veces la mortalidad, constituyendo una causa inversa. Respecto al sexo las mujeres murieron 2,08 veces más que los hombres. Para el nivel socioeconómico alto en relación al bajo un OR [1.88 (1.83 a 1,94)], p<0,0001], para el nivel educacional alto en relación al bajo fue a favor del mayor nivel educacional con OR [0,5 (0,47 - 0,52)] y en cuanto a la comparación de sexos un OR [1,04 (1,03-2,17), p=0,039]. Es decir, la diferencia entre mortalidad que hubo fue significativa para todos los intervalos tanto para sexo, nivel educacional como para nivel socioeconómico. Se encontró una constante de 0,013 de mortalidad basal, es decir, todos tienen 1,3% de riesgo de morir por cáncer de mama independiente del nivel socioeconómico, educacional y del sexo. Conclusión: Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a la mortalidad entre los niveles socioeconómicos altos y bajos y también en nivel educacional, sin embargo, al realizar los métodos de regresión se obtuvo una mayor mortalidad y mayor riesgo de morir por cáncer de mama en los niveles socioeconómicos más altos asociados a, probablemente, la menor cantidad de tamizajes y realización de mamografías en este estrato. A partir del año 2008 se observó un incremento a los niveles originales observados al inicio del segundo milenio incrementando las diferencias existentes en los índices de desigualdad tanto por nivel educacional como por nivel socioeconómico incrementando en 20 veces respecto al nivel educacional, y 1.88 respecto al nivel socioeconómico.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in cancers in Chile according to Globocan 2018. Among the factors that explain this high mortality, we find a low rate of detection and performance of mammograms in high socioeconomic levels. This is why understanding the causes of death and the factors that affect mortality and fatality from breast cancer in the last 17 years will allow us to focus on public policies for the next 50 years Materials and Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study in 79,996 hospital discharges and 20,220 deaths obtained from the DEIS MINSAL page, years 2001 -2016. For the univariate analysis, a Prais-Weinstein rate adjustment regression was performed according to age and sex according to the WHO rate adjustment model. For discrete type variables, they were described by percentages and rates, and median and standard deviation were used for continuous type variables. A smirnov-kolmolgorov test was performed to determine the type of distribution and normality of the samples. For dichotomous variables, a binary logistic regression model was used to describe these variables and determine the possible association between the socioeconomic and educational level of the patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Abstract: In this observational, longitudinal and retrospective study with 101.292 patients that includes men and women of all ages with diagnosis of breast cancer all along Chile, we´ll analyze the impact of socioeconomic level, evaluated through educational level and money income, into the prevalence, mortality and lethality of breast cancer in the years 2001 to 2016. Results: People with a high socioeconomic level died 1.88 times more, with a CI between 1.83 and 1.94, than those with a low socioeconomic level. On the other hand, people with a higher educational level died 0.5 times less according to the regression carried out with respect to the low educational level with a CI between 0.47 and 0.52, but the lower the educational level the mortality increased 20 times, constituting an inverse cause. Regarding sex, women died 2.08 times more than men. For the high socioeconomic level in relation to the low one an OR [1.88 (1.83 to 1.94)], p<0.0001], for the high educational level in relation to the low one it was in favor of the higher educational level with OR [0.5 (0.47 - 0.52)] and as for the comparison of sexes an OR [1.04 (1.03-2.17), p=0.039]. In other words, the difference between mortality was significant for all the intervals for sex, educational level and socioeconomic level. A constant baseline mortality of 0.013 was found, i.e., everyone has a 1.3% risk of dying from breast cancer regardless of socioeconomic level, educational level and sex. Conclusions: There are statistically significant differences in mortality between high and low socioeconomic levels and also in educational level; however, when regression methods were used, a higher mortality and higher risk of dying from breast cancer was obtained in the higher socioeconomic levels, probably associated with the lower number of screenings and mammograms performed in this stratum. As of 2008, an increase to the original levels observed at the beginning of the second millennium was observed, increasing the existing differences in the inequality indexes both by educational level and socioeconomic level, increasing by 20 times with respect to educational level, and 1.88 times with respect to socioeconomic level.

Caracterización del cáncer de mama de un servicio de salud pública del sur de Chile según edad, período 2005-2015 / Characterization of breast cancer of a public health service in southern Chile according to age, period 2005-2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile ha aumentado la morbilidad y mortalidad por el cáncer de mama (CaMa), y el Servicio de Salud de Talcahuano (SST) ha realizado acciones para pesquisarlo precozmente y cumplir con las garantías explícitas en salud (GES) OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los ingresos por CaMa del SST en el período 2005-2015. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal de 1.077 mujeres diagnosticadas con CaMa en la Unidad de Patología Mamaria (UPM) del SST. Variables: edad, tipo histológico, etapificación, tratamiento y cumplimiento de las GES. Análisis univariado y bivariado con suite estadística SPSS v25. RESULTADOS: Los casos aumentaron en todo el período de estudio, excepto en 2011. Concentrando el 35,5% en mujeres de ≥65 años. El carcinoma ductal invasor ascendió al 73,5% de los tipos histológicos, y 41,9% tenía un tamaño tumoral entre 2 y 5 cms. Las mujeres de 65 y más años presentan los porcentajes más altos en frecuencia y tamaño de tumor. El 78,6% ingresó en etapa 0 a IIB. Los tratamientos más frecuentes fueron: hormonoterapia (81,4%), radioterapia (80,1%), mastectomía parcial (69,4%), quimioterapia (56,3%) y disección axilar (55,7%). El cumplimiento de las garantías GES, es mayor en la confirmación diagnóstica (87%) que en el inicio de tratamiento (77,3%). CONCLUSIÓN: Ascendió sostenidamente el CaMa en el SST, excepto en 2011, quizás condicionado por el terremoto del año 2010. La mayoría de los ingresos lo hacen en etapas tempranas, en mujeres ≥50 años (especialmente en ≥65 más) y con tratamientos más conservadores. Existe un alto cumplimiento de las GES del CaMa en el SST.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer morbidity and mortality has increased in Chile, and the Talcahuano Health Service (THS) has taken measures for an early detection and complying with the country's Explicit Health Guarantees program (GES in Spanish). OBJECTIVE: To characterize admissions to the THS for breast cancer between 2005 and 2015. Methods: Cross-sectional study, consisting of 1077 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in the Mammary Pathologies Unit of the THS. Variables: age, histological type, staging, treatment, and GES compliance. Univariate and bivariate analysis, using SPSS v25. RESULTS: Cases increased every year but on 2011, with 35.5% of them being women aged 65 or older. Invasive ductal carcinoma accounted for 73.5% of the histological types, while 41.9% presented a tumor size of 2-5 cm. Women aged 65 and older showed the highest percentages in frequency and tumor size. 78.6% of cases were admitted while on stages 0 to IIB. Most frequent treatments were hormone therapy (81.4%), radiotherapy (80.1%), partial mastectomy (69.4%), chemotherapy (56.3%), and axillary dissection (55.7%). GES compliance was higher in the diagnosis stage (87.0%) than at the start of treatment (77.3%). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer rates have steadily increased in the THS but on 2011, which could be due to the 2010 Chile earthquake. Most admissions are women aged 50 or more (especially ≥ 65), on early stages, and under more traditional treatments. There is a high rate of GES compliance in this health service.

Inequalities in mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage: a time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cancer is a serious public issue problem worldwide. In Brazil, breast cancer is the most common type and cervical cancer is the third most frequent among women. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing, between 2007 and 2018. DESIGN AND SETTING: Time-series study conducted in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District. METHODS: A linear regression model was used to estimate trends in coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing over the period. The data collection system for Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was used. RESULTS: A significant increase in mammography coverage was observed, from 71.1% in 2007 to 78.0% in 2018. There was a trend towards an increase among women with 0 to 8 years of schooling, in all regions of Brazil. Regarding cervical oncotic cytological testing coverage, there was a trend towards stability during the period analyzed, reaching 81.7% in 2018. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the northern region. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in the coverage of these screening examinations, especially regarding mammography. However, it is still necessary to expand their provision, quality and surveillance, aimed towards women's health.

Gynecological cancer and metabolic screening of 1001 elderly Brazilian women

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate gynecological cancer and metabolic screening of Brazilian women aged 65 years or older. METHODS This retrospective descriptive study was conducted by including 1,001 Brazilian patients of the gynecological geriatric outpatient office of our institution to evaluate the influence of age on gynecological cancer and metabolic screening parameters at the first clinical visit. All patients were divided into three groups: a) 65 to 69 years; b) 70 to 74 years; c) ≥ 75 years. We considered clinical, laboratorial, and image data as variables of this study. The Chi-square test was used to assess the proportion of differences among the age groups, and Kruskal-Wallis was used for quantitative variables. RESULTS The values of BMI and height in the group over 75 years was lower than that of the 65 to 69 years (p = 0.001). Regardless of the age group, high arterial blood pressure levels were found in 85.45% of participants. Also, many patients had glucose intolerance in the blood. The pelvic ultrasonography showed abnormal endometrial echo thickness (> 5 mm) in 6.14% of patients, but with no significant statistical difference between the age groups. A total of 4.04% of patients had ovaries with high volume values ( > 6.1 mL). Abnormal mammography (BI-RADS 3 or 4) was observed in 12.21%. CONCLUSIONS our data suggest that a great reduction in BMI and stature is more frequent in the group over 75 years. Also, systemic arterial hypertension and carbohydrate disturbance are frequent morbidities in women over 65 years.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar retrospectivamente alguns dados clínicos, laboratoriais e imagens de um grupo de idosas brasileiras. MÉTODOS Estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado com inclusão de 1.001 mulheres brasileiras atendidas no ambulatório de geriatria ginecológica de nossa instituição. Foram analisados: a idade dos pacientes na primeira consulta clínica e a idade na menopausa natural; alguns achados clínicos durante um exame ginecológico; resultados de análises laboratoriais. Considerou-se a relação dessas variáveis com o grupo da idade das mulheres. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar os dados e para algumas variáveis, Kruskal-Wallis ou Anova. RESULTADOS A avaliação do IMC e da estatura nas diferentes faixas etárias das mulheres mostrou que, com o aumento da idade, há diminuição do IMC e da estatura (p=0,001). Nível anormal de pressão arterial estava presente em 85,45%. De acordo com o grupo de idade, as medidas laboratoriais foram avaliadas pelo método estatístico Kruskal-Wallis, e a Anova mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante apenas no valor da creatinina, com pequeno aumento com a idade. A ultrassonografia pélvica foi alterada com espessura endometrial normal (>5 mm) em 29 (6,14%), mas sem diferença estatística significativa com os grupos de idade, e os ovários mostraram sete (4,04%) com volume anormal (>6,1). Mamografia anormal (BI-Rads 3 ou 4) foi observada em 104 pacientes (12,21%). CONCLUSÕES O estudo conclui que, com o aumento da idade, há redução do IMC e da estatura. A hipertensão é morbidade frequente. Os dados laboratoriais e a avaliação de imagens deste estudo são importantes para aumentar o conjunto de informações sobre mulheres idosas e talvez para melhorar a assistência à saúde.

Linfoma primario de mama. Reporte de un caso / Primary breast lymphoma Report of a case

RESUMEN El linfoma primitivo de la mama es una forma rara de linfoma extraganglionar localizado, con una incidencia de 1,7 a 2,2 % de los linfomas extraganglionares y de un 0,04 a un 0,50 % de las lesiones malignas de la glándula mamaria de todos los linfomas no Hodgkin. El linfoma no Hodgkin primario de la mama crece con rapidez, con diseminación a la médula ósea y sistema nervioso central, generalmente de corta sobrevida. Se presentó un caso de una paciente femenina de 65 años de edad, blanca, que refirió haberse notado una tumoración en la mama derecha, de 3 cm de diámetro. Al examen físico se constató una tumoración, dolorosa a la palpación, localizada en el cuadrante superior externo. No existían adenopatías axilares a la palpación. La paciente no reportó síntomas específicos. Se realizó un ultrasonido diagnóstico que arrojó una imagen hipoecoica de 2,5 cm, de bordes no bien definidos. En un estudio mamográfico realizado se apreció una masa de alta densidad, irregular, que fue clasificado como BIRADS 4C. El diagnóstico de linfoma maligno no fue sospechado clínicamente. Fue operada, realizando biopsia por congelación que resultó positiva. Se le ejecutó una mastectomía total ampliada cuyo informe histopatológico fue: linfoma linfocítico pobremente diferenciado sin metástasis ganglionares axilares (0/29). Como tratamiento adyuvante se utilizó la poliquimioterapia asociada a la radioterapia. La paciente en la actualidad no ha presentado recaída y se mantiene viva tras 13 años de seguimiento.

ABSTRACT Primary lymphoma of the breast is an unusual kind of located extranodal lymphoma, with an incidence from 1.7 % to 2.2% of extranodal lymphomas, and from 0.04 % to 0.50 % of the mammary glands malignant lesions of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast grows rapidly, with dissemination to the bone marrow and central nervous system, generally of short over-life. The case presented is the one of a female, white patient, aged 65 years who told she perceived a tumor in her right breast of 3 cm diameter. At the physical examination a tumor was noted, painful at palpation, located in the higher external quadrant. Axillary adenopathy were not found at palpation. The patient did not reported specific symptoms. An ultrasound diagnosis was carried out showing a hypo-echoic image of 2.5 cm, with non well-defined margins. An irregular, high density mass was found in a mammographic study; it was classified as BIRADS 4C. The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was not clinically suspected. The patient underwent a surgery, and a frozen section biopsy was positive. A total wide mastectomy was carried out and its pathological inform was: poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma without axillary nodal metastasis (0/29). Polychemotherapy associated to radiotherapy was used as adjuvant treatment. Currently, after a 13-years follow-up, the patient did not relapsed and is still alive.

Vulnerabilidade social e câncer de mama: diferenciais no intervalo entre o diagnóstico e o tratamento em mulheres de diferentes perfis sociodemográficos / Social vulnerability and breast cancer: differentials in the interval between diagnosis and treatment of women with different sociodemographic profiles

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi identificar perfis sociodemográficos de mulheres com câncer de mama em Belo Horizonte e verificar a associação com o intervalo entre o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Estudo transversal realizado com dados dos registros hospitalares de câncer de 715 mulheres em tratamento de 2010 a 2013. Os perfis foram delineados a partir das variáveis: idade, raça/cor da pele, escolaridade e custeio do tratamento com uso do método Two-Step cluster. A associação independente entre os perfis e o intervalo diagnóstico/tratamento foi estimada por regressão logística multinomial. Identificaram-se cinco perfis: A (raça/cor branca, escolaridade ≥ 15 anos, tratamento rede privada); B (raça/cor branca; escolaridade = 11 anos, tratamento Sistema Único de Saúde/SUS); C e D (raça/cor parda, escolaridade = 11 anos e < 8 anos respectivamente, tratamento SUS); E (raça/cor preta, escolaridade < 8 anos, tratamento SUS). Os perfis B, C, D e E foram associados a maiores intervalos diagnóstico/tratamento independentemente do estágio do câncer no diagnóstico, sendo que E apresentou chance 37 vezes maior de intervalo ≥ 91 dias (OR: 37,26; IC95%:11,91-116,56). Mesmo após vencer as barreiras de acesso à unidade oncológica perfis de vulnerabilidade social apresentaram maior espera para o tratamento.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic profiles of women diagnosed as breast cancer in the city of Belo Horizonte and to investigate its association with interval between diagnosis and treatment. A cross-sectional study from hospital records of 715 patients undergoing treatment between 2010 and 2013. Cluster analysis was used to delineate the profiles from the variables: age, color of the skin, education and cost of treatment. The association between profiles and intervals was investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Five profiles were identified: A (white skin color, years of schooling >15 and treatment through private healthcare systems); B (white skin color, years of schooling = 11 and treatment through the Unified National Health System (SUS); C and D (brown skin color, years of schooling = 11 and < 8 respectively, and SUS); E (black skin color, years of schooling < 8, and SUS). Profiles B, C, D and E were associated with increased diagnosis-to-treatment intervals regardless of cancer staging upon diagnosis; and profile E had 37- fold higher chances of interval > 91 days (OR: 37.26; 95% CI:11.91-116.56). Breast cancer patients with social vulnerability profiles wait longer for treatment even after overcoming barriers to access oncology units.

Factores epidemiológicos relacionados con el cáncer de mama. Hospital "José Ramón López Tabrane". Provincia Matanzas. 2010-2015 / Epidemiological factors related to breast cancer. Hospital ¨José Ramón López Tabrane¨. Province of Matanzas. 2010-2015

RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de mama constituye la segunda causa de mortalidad por cáncer en la mujer cubana, solo superado en el último trienio por las neoplasias de tráquea, bronquios y pulmones. Objetivo: describir algunas características epidemiológicas relacionadas con esta enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo, en mujeres diagnosticadas con neoplasia de mama, en la consulta de mastología del hospital provincial "José Ramón López Tabranes" de la provincia de Matanzas, en el período comprendido entre el 1 de Enero del 2010 y el 31 de Diciembre del 2015. La muestra estuvo constituida por 288 mujeres y para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y porcientos. Resultados: predominaron las pacientes entre los 40 y 69 años (71.2 %), de color de piel blanca (65.6%) y sin antecedentes patológicos familiares de cáncer mamario (86.1%). Las variables clínico-patológicas estuvieron caracterizadas por un predominio de pacientes en estadio II (62.2 %), con estatus postmenopáusico al momento del diagnóstico (56.9 %) y con un tamaño del tumor entre 2 y 5 cm (77.4 %). El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el carcinoma ductal infiltrante, presentándose en el 85.7 % de la serie y en el 43.6 % de las enfermas se diagnosticó el tumor con grado histológico II. Es de señalar que el 61.1 % de las mujeres del estudio tenían afectación ganglionar al momento del diagnóstico. Conclusiones: se describen los principales factores sociodemográficos y clínico-patológicos, relacionados con esta enfermedad en el territorio, permitiendo realizar un cierre de campo para la ejecución de futuras investigaciones causales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: breast cancer is the second cause of mortality in Cuban women, exceeded in the last three years only by tracheal, bronchial and lung neoplasms. Objective: to describe several epidemiological characteristics related to this disease. Material and method: a retrospective, observational-descriptive epidemiological study was carried out in women diagnosed with breast neoplasm in the Mastology consultation of the provincial hospital ¨Jose Ramon Lopez Tabrane¨, of Matanzas, in the period from January 1st 2010 to December 31st 2015. The sample was formed by 288 women, and for data analyses were used absolute frequencies and percents. Results: there was a predominance of white patients (65.6 %), aged 40-69 years (71.2 %), and without familiar antecedents of breast cancer (86.1 %). The clinical-pathological variables were characterized by the predominance of stage II patients (62.2 %), with menopausal status at the moment they were diagnosed (56.9 %), and with a tumor sized 2-5 cm (77.4 %). The most frequent histological kind was the duct infiltrative carcinoma that was present in 85.7 % of the series; histological grade II tumor was diagnosed in 43.6 % of the patients. it is important to say that 61.1 % of the studied women showed gangliar affectation at the moment of the diagnosis. Conclusions: the main socio-demographic and clinic-pathological factors related to this disease are described, allowing a closing to carry out future causal research.

Fatores associados à realização de mamografia em usuárias da atenção primária à saúde em Vitória, Espírito Santo / Factores asociados a la realización de mamografía en usuarias de la atención primaria de salud en Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil / Factors associated with having mammography examinations in primary health care users in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à realização da mamografia em mulheres com idade de 40 a 59 anos, usuárias da atenção primária à saúde, em Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, em 26 unidades de saúde; os dados foram coletados de março a setembro de 2014; as variáveis independentes descreveram características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e reprodutivas, com o desfecho de realização de mamografia a cada dois anos. Resultados: participaram 400 usuárias, das quais 57,8% realizaram a mamografia a cada dois anos; a realização do exame foi mais prevalente entre mulheres de 50 a 59 anos (RP=1,48 - IC95%1,25;1,75), da classe econômica A/B (RP=1,81 - IC95%1,22;2,68) e que não menstruam (RP=1,31 - IC95%1,08;1,60). Conclusão: apesar de a proporção de realização da mamografia estar conforme o recomendado, no grupo de 50 a 59 anos, observa-se maior frequência na classe A/B, o que sugere desigualdade no acesso ao exame.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la realización de mamografía en mujeres adultas, entre 40 y 59 años, usuarias de la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: estudio transversal, en 26 unidades de salud de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil; los datos fueron recolectados de marzo a septiembre de 2014; las variables independientes describieron características sociodemográficas, comportamentales y reproductivas, con desenlace de realización de mamografía a cada dos años. Resultados: participaron 400 usuarias, de las cuales 57,8% realizaron mamografía a cada dos años; el examen fue más prevalente entre mujeres de 50 a 59 años (RP=1,48 - IC95%1,25;1,75), de classe económica A/B (RP=1,81 - IC95%1,22;2,68) y que ya no menstrúan (RP=1,31 - IC95%1,08;1,60). Conclusión: a pesar de la proporción de realización de la mamografía estar dentro de lo recomendado, en el grupo de 50 a 59 años, se observa mayor frecuencia en la clase A/B, lo que sugiere desigualdad de acceso al examen.

Objectives: to estimate prevalence and factors associated with having mammography examinations among adult women aged 40 to 59 years old in primary health care services. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed in 26 health centers in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; data were collected from March to September 2014; the independent variables described sociodemographic, behavioral and reproductive characteristics, having mammography performed every two years as the outcome. Results: 400 users participated, 57.8% of whom undergo mammography every two years; having the examination was more prevalent among women aged 50-59 years (PR=1.48 - 95%CI 1.25;1.75), those belonging to economic class A/B (PR=1.81 - 95%CI 1.22;2.68) and those who no longer menstruate (PR=1.31 - 95%CI 1.08;1.60). Conclusion: although the proportion of mammography examinations performed is in keeping with recommended levels, a higher frequency was found among the 50-59 age group belonging to class A/B, suggesting unequal access to this examination.

Acessibilidade da População Negra ao Cuidado Oncológico no Brasil: Revisão Integrativa / Accessibility of Black Population to Oncological Care in Brazil: Integrative Review / Accesibilidad de la Población Negra a la Atención Oncológica en Brasil: Revisión Integrativa

Introdução:Tem-se apontado a persistência de desigualdades raciais na acessibilidade a bens e serviços de saúde, estando o indivíduo com câncer inserido nesse contexto. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores que impactam a acessibilidade da população negra ao cuidado oncológico no Brasil. Método: Por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, buscaram-se, nas bases PubMed, LILACS e Embase, artigos originais publicados em português, inglês e espanhol sem limite temporal. Resultados: Foram incluídos 13 artigos, analisados a partir do tipo de câncer abordado: câncer de mama, câncer ginecológico, câncer de próstata e câncer de cavidade oral. Conclusão: As desigualdades raciais e socioeconômicas refletem nas ações de acessibilidade ao cuidado oncológico, maioritariamente na detecção precoce. Independentemente do tipo de câncer e das formas de diagnóstico e de tratamento, é inegável a dificuldade do paciente negro aos cuidados oncológicos por razões de natureza social e econômica.Os profissionais de saúde deveriam assegurar o atendimento à população negra ao mesmo nível prestado aos demais grupos sociais para garantir e superar as barreiras de acesso aos bens e serviços de saúde.

Introduction: The persistence of racial inequalities in the access to health services has been pointed out and the individual with cancer is within this scenario. Objective: To analyze the factors that impact the accessibility of the black population to cancer care in Brazil. Method: Through an integrative literature review, it were searched original articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish in the databases PubMed, LILACS and Embase without time limitation. Results: Thirteen articles were included and analyzed based in the type of cancer addressed: breast cancer, gynecological cancer, prostate cancer and oral cancer. Conclusion: The racial and socioeconomic inequalities reflect upon the actions of accessibility to cancer care, mostly in early detection. Regardless of the type of cancer and the forms of diagnosis and treatment, it is unquestionable the difficulty the afro-descendant population has to access oncological care because of social and economic issues. Healthcare providers must ensure the care to the afro-descendant population as much as they do with other social groups to overcome the barriers to access health services.

Introducción: Se ha señalado la persistencia de las desigualdades racial e la accesibilidad a los bienes y servicios de salud, con el individuo con cáncer insertado en este contexto. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que afectan la accesibilidad de la población negra a la atención del cáncer en Brasil. Método: A través de una revisión bibliográfica integradora, se realizar búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS e Embase artículos originales publicados en portugués, inglés y español sin límite de tiempo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 artículos, analizado sen función del tipo de cáncer abordado: cáncer de mama, cáncer ginecológico, cáncer de próstata y cáncer de cavidad oral. Conclusión: Las desigualdades raciales y socioeconómicas se reflejan en las acciones de accesibilidad a la atención del cáncer, principalmente en la detección temprana. Independientemente del tipo de cáncer y las formas de diagnóstico y tratamiento, la dificultad del paciente negro en la atención del cáncer es innegable por razones sociales y económicas. Los profesionales de la salud deben garantizar la atención de la población negra al mismo nivel que otros grupos sociales para garantizar y superar las barreras de acceso a los bienes y servicios de salud.

O conhecimento de mulheres acerca do rastreamento do câncer de mama e suas implicações / Women's knowledge about breast cancer screening and its implications

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a principal causa de morte por câncer na população feminina e a segunda neoplasia mais frequente no mundo. A detecção precoce da doença, principalmente por meio da mamografia, é fundamental para reduzir o número de óbitos e melhorar o prognóstico. Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento de mulheres entre 35 e 69 anos cadastradas em Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESF) de Alfenas ­ MG acerca do rastreamento do câncer de mama. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal no qual foram aplicados questionários em uma população amostral, selecionada a partir do total de mulheres cadastradas em cinco ESF de Alfenas ­ MG, sendo entrevistadas 224 mulheres a partir de questionário estruturado. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se a estatística multivariada por meio da técnica de componentes principais. Todos os critérios éticos foram respeitados. Resultados: As ações preventivas de rastreamento influenciaram na redução da mortalidade e melhor prognóstico da doença. A terapia de reposição hormonal está correlacionada com as alterações encontradas nas mamas. A idade da primeira menstruação mostrou-se correlacionada às mulheres que já estão na menopausa, características essas consideradas de risco para o desenvolvimento da neoplasia de mama. A regularidade com que as mulheres realizam a mamografia depende de seu conhecimento acerca deste exame, considerando-se a realização e prática do autoexame importante. Verificou-se que o uso de anticoncepcional está diretamente relacionado com a idade e o estado civil, além de alterações encontradas no exame clínico das mamas. Estar na menopausa esteve diretamente relacionado à realização de mamografia. Fatores de risco para câncer de mama como tabagismo, dieta rica em gordura e etilismo, além de estarem altamente correlacionados, apresentaram uma relação inversa com a realização da mamografia. Conclusões: o conhecimento acerca dos exames preventivos e da sua importância está relacionado com a regularidade com que as mulheres os realizam.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the female population, and the second most frequent neoplasm in the world. The early detection of neoplasms, mainly through mammography, is fundamental to reduce the number of deaths and improve the prognosis. Objective: analyze the knowledge of women between 35 and 69 years of age enrolled in Family Health Strategies (ESFs) of Alfenas - MG, about the screening of breast cancer. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive and cross - sectional study in which questionnaires were applied in a sample population, selected from the total number of women enrolled in five ESFs in Alfenas - MG, and 224 women were interviewed from a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistics using the principal components technique. All ethical criteria have been respected. Results: The preventive actions of screening influenced the reduction of mortality and better prognosis of the disease. Hormone replacement therapy is correlated with changes found in breasts. The age of the first menstrual period was shown to be correlated to the women who are already in menopause, characteristics considered to be at risk for the development of breast cancer. The regularity with which women perform mammography depends on their knowledge about this examination, considering the performance and practice of the important self-examination. It was verified that the use of contraceptives is directly related to age and marital status, as well as alterations found in the clinical examination of the breasts. Being in menopause was directly related to mammography. Risk factors for breast cancer, such as smoking, high fat diet and alcoholism, besides being highly correlated, presented an inverse relationship with mammography. Conclusions: knowledge about preventive exams and their importance is related to the regularity with which women perform them.

Factores asociados a la realización de mamografía en mujeres peruanas: análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2018 / Use of mammography in Peruvian women: An analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey

INTRODUCCIÓN En Perú, el cáncer de mama es la segunda neoplasia más prevalente y la tercera causa neoplásica de mayor mortalidad en mujeres. La implementación de programas de tamizaje mediante mamografías ha reducido considerablemente la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en países de altos ingresos. OBJETIVOS Analizar los factores bio-sociodemográficos asociados a la realización de mamografías en mujeres peruanas de 40 a 59 años. MÉTODOS Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2018 realizada en Perú. La muestra de representatividad nacional consistió en 4822 mujeres de 40 a 59 años. Se consideró como variable principal la realización de una mamografía en los últimos 24 meses, con lo cual se calcularon proporciones ponderadas y razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas. RESULTADOS El 16,9% de las mujeres encuestadas reportó la realización de mamografía. La mayor proporción de realización de mamografías se encontró en mujeres con nivel educativo superior (30,1%), mayor quintil de riqueza (34,2%) y aquellas provenientes de ciudad tipo capital (26,9%). El análisis multivariado mostró que solo el mayor quintil de riqueza (razón de prevalencias: 5,75; intervalo de confianza 95%: 2,97 a 11,15) comparado con el menor quintil, y el grupo etario de 55 a 59 años (razón de prevalencias: 1,83; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,31 a 2,55) comparado con mujeres de 40 a 44 años; estuvieron asociados significativamente con la realización de mamografías en los últimos 24 meses. CONCLUSIONES La realización de mamografía como examen preventivo de cáncer de mama en Perú aún es baja en comparación a otros países. La asociación de la realización de mamografía con el quintil de riqueza evidencia las desigualdades de acceso a salud preventiva en el país.

INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the second most prevalent neoplasm in women after cervical cancer in Peru. It is also the third leading cause of female mortality. The implementation of screening programs using mammography has led to a considerable reduction in the mortality of this cancer in high-income countries. OBJECTIVES To analyze the factors associated with mammography use in Peruvian women between the ages of 40 and 59. METHODS Secondary analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey in Peru. The national representative sample consisted of 4822 women between the ages of 40 and 59. The main outcome was the use of mammography during the last 24 months, with which we calculated percentages and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR). RESULTS 16.9% of the surveyed women reported a mammography exam. A higher proportion of mammography use was observed in women with a higher level of education (30.1%), higher wealth quintile (34.2%) and those from capital cities (26.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that only the highest wealth index quintile (prevalence ratio: 5.75; 95% confidence interval: 2.97 to 11.15) compared to the lowest quintile; and the 55 to 59 age group (prevalence ratio: 1.83; 95% confidence interval: 1.31 to 2.55) compared to the 40 to 44 age group, were significantly associated with mammography. CONCLUSIONS The use of mammography as a preventive examination for breast cancer in Peru is still low compared to other countries. The association of mammography with the better-off quintile shows the inequalities of access to preventive health in the country.

Prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama e fatores associados - Inquérito de Saúde da Mulher em Uberaba MG, Brasil, 2014 / Breast cancer screening practice and associated factors: Women's Health Survey in Uberaba MG Brazil, 2014

Resumo Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico e epidemiológico das mulheres em Uberaba, segundo a prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama, bem como verificar os fatores associados à prática. Pesquisa transversal de base populacional, parte do Inquérito de Saúde da Mulher em Uberaba MG. Coleta por entrevista domiciliar, referentes à questões socioeconômicas, epidemiológicas e prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama. Amostra foi composta por 1.520 mulheres acima de 20 anos. Após o processamento dos dados, foi realizada análise estatística com medidas de associação pelo teste Qui-Quadrado; regressão bivariada e multivariada de Poisson, significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram um perfil de prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama com mulheres de raça/cor branca (66%), escolaridade e renda per capita elevada, estado conjugal "em união" (67,5%), não chefes de família (64,4%) e não tabagistas (64,6%). Os fatores associados à maior prática dos exames foram a faixa etária de 40-49 e 50-69 anos (RP = 0,7 e 0,64), renda per capita maior que um salário mínimo (RP = 1,17) e fonte de pagamento da mamografia pública ou por plano de saúde (RP = 1,98 e 1,94). Conclui-se que existem fatores relacionados à prática de exames de rastreio na amostra estudada.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize women's socioeconomic and epidemiological profile in Uberaba according to the breast cancer screening practice and identify associated factors with this practice. This is a cross-sectional research part of the Women's Health Survey in Uberaba (MG). Data was collected by home interview, referring to socioeconomic and epidemiological issues and breast cancer screening practice, from a sample of 1,520 women above 20 years of age. After processing the data, we performed statistical analysis with measures of association by the Chi-square test, bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression, with a significance level of 5%. The results showed a profile of breast cancer screening practice with white women (66%), high schooling and per capita income, in common-law marriage (67,5%), non-heads of households (64,4%) and non-smokers (64,6%). Factors associated with higher practice were the age groups 40-49 and 50-69 years (PR = 0.7 and 0.64), per capita income higher than one minimum wage (PR = 1.17) and public or health plan mammography coverage (PR = 1.98 and 1.94). We can conclude that factors associated with breast cancer screening practice have been identified in the studied sample.

Effectiveness of breast cancer screening policies in countries with medium-low incidence rates

ABSTRACT Chile has lower breast cancer incidence rates compared to those in developed countries. Our public health system aims to perform 10 biennial screening mammograms in the age group of 50 to 69 years by 2020. Using a dynamic programming model, we have found the optimal ages to perform 10 screening mammograms that lead to the lowest lifetime death rate and we have evaluated a set of fixed inter-screening interval policies. The optimal ages for the 10 mammograms are 43, 47, 51, 54, 57, 61, 65, 68, 72, and 76 years, and the most effective fixed inter-screening is every four years after the 40 years. Both policies respectively reduce lifetime death rate in 6.4% and 5.7% and the cost of saving one life in 17% and 9.3% compared to the 2020 Chilean policy. Our findings show that two-year inter-screening interval policies are less effective in countries with lower breast cancer incidence; thus we recommend screening policies with a wider age range and larger inter-screening intervals for Chile.

Impact of a medication therapy management service offered to patients in treatment of breast cancer

ABSTRACT Cancer has high morbidity and mortality rates related to medication use and produce a costly impact in health care. Thus, patients require constant monitoring and proper coordination of care between different professionals. This study aimed to evaluate the impact generated by a Medication Therapy Management service (MTM) offered to patients with breast cancer in use of polypharmacy. Observational, exploratory, descriptive and retrospective study of a MTM service that included 93 patients. Sociodemographic and clinical data related to pharmacotherapy and the processes associated with the systematization of the service were collected and analyzed. Patients were followed-up by the MTM service on average for 18 months (±4.31) and 185 drug-related problems (DRP) were identified, an average of two DRP per patient. Of these DRP, 48.11% were resolved and 49.73% were in the resolution process. The most common DRP were in the categories of Indication (37.84%), followed by Safety (23.78%). The safety category showed the highest resolution rate (59.09%). The study revealed an increased risk of DRP for patients with three or more comorbidities and using 5 or more medications. The process of systematization of a MTM service in oncology was associated with positive outcomes.

O conhecimento de mulheres sobre os métodos para prevenção secundária do câncer de mama / Women's knowledge of methods for secondary prevention of breast cancer

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento das mulheres sobre métodos de rastreamento do câncer de mama. Estudo de base populacional com mulheres de 18 anos ou mais em Rio Grande, entre abril e novembro de 2011. Entrevistadoras aplicavam questionário pré-codificado em todas as mulheres do domicílio selecionado. Construiuse um modelo para cada forma de rastreamento (autoexame das mamas, mamografia e exame clínico), analisados por regressão de Poisson. Das 1596 mulheres entrevistadas, 1355 referiram o autoexame, 456, a mamografia e, apenas 191, o exame clínico da mama, realizado por um profissional de saúde, como importantes para a prevenção do câncer de mama. As mulheres brancas, e com 11 anos ou mais de escolaridade, tiveram maior probabilidade de referirem a mamografia e o exame clínico como métodos de rastreamento. Para esses dois desfechos, também se observou uma tendência linear, sendo que a probabilidade de referir uma dessas formas de rastreamento se incrementou na medida em que aumentaram os quartis de renda. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de maior esclarecimento da população sobre os métodos de prevenção, evitando, assim, o diagnóstico tardio. Evidenciou-se que as mulheres não brancas e as de baixa escolaridade e renda, demonstraram menos conhecimentos sobre os métodos de exame clínico e mamografia.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate women's knowledge of methods for screening breast cancer. The study was done on a population of women aged 18 or over in the city of Rio Grande between April and November 2011. Interviewers used questionnaires on all of the women at selected households. Models were developed for every type of screening (self-examination of breasts, mammography, and clinical exams) that were analyzed through the use of Poisson regression. Out of the 1596 women interviewed, 1355 reported self-examination, 456, mammography, and only 191, clinical examination of the breast, performed by a health professional, as important for the prevention of breast cancer. White women with 11 years or more worth of schooling had a greater probability of having mammography exams and clinical examinations as methods for screening. We noted, linked to the aforementioned, that there was a linear tendency whereby there was a greater probability for those with high incomes to undergo one of the above interventions. The study noted that there was a need for more detailed information aimed at the population on prevention methods in order to avoid late diagnosis. We noted that non-white women with little education and on low incomes showed less knowledge of clinical examination methods and mammographies.

Resultados del tratamiento del cáncer de mama, Programa Nacional de Cáncer del Adulto / Impact of the Chilean Explicit Guaranties Health System (GES) on breast cancer treatment

Background Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women in the world. In 2005, it was incorporated to the Explicit Guaranties Health System (GES) in Chile. Aim To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients and to determine the effect of incorporating these women to GES. Material and Methods Medical records of 5,119 women with breast cancer aged 59 ± 14 years, attended at six public hospitals between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed. Median follow up was 87 months (range 1-182). Mortality was assessed using death certificates obtained at the National Identification Registry. Results Sixty six percent of women were in stage I-II, 29% in stage III and 5% in stage IV. Surgery was performed in 4023/5119 cases (79%), adyuvant radiotherapy in 3627/4517 cases (80%), chemotherapy in 3,204/3,424 cases (94%) and hormone therapy in 1,695/2,375 cases (71%). Between 2000 and 2010, there was a significant increase in the proportion of cases in stage I, from 8% to 25%, (p < 0.01). Overall survival (OS) increased 1% per year, since the beginning of GES system (p = 0.024). Five year OS was 75.1%. The figures for Stage I, II, III and IV were 93, 84, 62 and 27% respectively (p < 0.01). Patients without lymph node involvement and who were not triple negative, had a significantly better OS. Conclusions There was a significant increase in stage I cases, and a 1% per year OS improvement after GES system started, compared with the previous period.